The experience of previous earthquakes shows that the inelastic response of structure is related to the intensity and content of ground motion. In this case, the evaluation of nonlinear response of structure demonstrates the reduction in the base shear force. This reduction which leads to inelastic base shear is defined by Behavior Factor (strength reduction factor) in seismic codes. One of the important parts in R factor is ductility reduction factor Rm. While Rm is related to the type of earthquake, it seems that for near fault motions there would be a different value in comparison to ordinary earthquakes. For the near fault earthquakes, due to the direction of fault rupture from the site, the directivity effect becomes an important parameter. Previous researches show that for forward directivity effect, there would be two components for earthquakes. One is normal strike and the other is parallel strike. In this paper, these components are regarded as SN and SP. Also, in the concept of performance-based design, the ratio between inelastic and elastic response of structure is an important index in calculating the target displacement. This ratio is called CR, hereafter. It is good to mention that CR factor is defined as C1 coefficient in FEMA440. In previous researches, the evaluation of CR for near and far fault motions has less been considered.To evaluate Rm and CR, the extended number of SDOF systems (from 0.2 to 4 Sec.) are considered for four levels of target ductility (2, 3, 4 and 5). Accordingly, Rm and CR are calculated for near field (normal and parallel component) and far fault earthquakes. The normal strike component is traced by a sensitivity analysis, changing the strain hardening ratio and inherent damping. To perform the analysis, the nonlinear time history analysis was selected in Opensees. The steel material was also defined to be bilinear. To set the required ductility with the prescribed target ductility -during trial and error procedure- the yield strength of SDOF was changed, since the target ductility was achieved. To solve the inelastic equation of motion, the Newmark-Beta method was selected. The inelasticity in Opensees was modeled with distributed plasticity using the fiber element. Finally, to calculate Rm and CR for near and far field motions, approximately 84000 nonlinear time history analyses were carried out. In addition, to study the sensitivity of Rm and CR to damping and strain hardening ratio for the normal strike earthquake, approximately 22400 nonlinear time history analyses were carried out.The results show that for all three sets of earthquake, the Rm increases up to a specific value and after that, becomes constant while the fundamental period (T) increases. For small values of ductility (m), increase in T may lead to convergence of Rm to target ductility. In the near field, when the values of T and μ are increased, Rm becomes almost greater than μ. However, for small values of T, Rm is not dependent on demand m. The study shows that: using far field value of Rm for near field motions may lead to a non-conservative value. Furthermore, while T increases, the CR value converges to the unit. In the short period, CR depends on m and T, severely. Using CR of far field against SN component leads to Non-conservative result. For a constant value of m and T, increase in damping may increase CR. Using C1 for near field motions is non-conservative for near field motions. Also, for short periods and high ductility demand, CR, corresponding to SN component is about 40% greater than C1. Evaluation of the ratio of displacement modification factor to behavior factor shows that the Cd/R ratio for T -greater than 1 Sec.- converged to the unit. For small period values, this ratio is significantly dependent on the duration. Also, using Cd/R of far field for near field motions may lead to inaccurate results.

For the seismic evaluation of structures, it is required to determine the inelastic displacement ratio. Indeed, the inelastic displacement ratio is one of the most important coefficients in codes which is used in force-based design method as well as in performance-based seismic engineering (Miranda, 2000a, b). This study attempts to evaluate the inelastic displacement ratio,  for single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems that is defined as follows:

The method of selection of the study design decides the type of analysis 10 be used. Case-Control studies assess the causes of a particular outcome, comparing a group of individuals who have experienced the outcome under study with a group who have net.Results appear as a two by two table. As these two groups are sampled separately, the rate of the disease in the exposed or unexposed groups can not be calculated. However, the Odds Ratio can be obtained. The Odds Ratio is sometimes referred to as the cross product ratio.                        Cases                            Controls Exposed            a                                  b Unexposed         c                                  d Odds Ratio (a/b)I (c/d) = ad/bc

Introduction: Clinical use of the late responses during routine neurophysiological examination has significantly increased the diagnostic yield of the neurophysiological evaluation. The H max to M max ratio (H/M ratio) is considered a suitable index for illustrating the level of reflex excitability of the motor pool.Methods: In this study posterior tibial nerve H/M ratio changes in cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) evaluated. This investigation was carried out in 22 normal subjects aged 40-65 years with mean 52 years, and in 40 patients with CVA aged 42-63 years with mean 57 years.Results: In normal subjects no significant differences were found between the mean values observed between right and left sides. In patients significant increased H/M ratios in both sides with more in non-plegic leg (P<0.01) were found. The facilitation of Babinsky sign in patients is significantly associated with low H/M ratios (P=0.003). The H/M ratio changes were not significantly associated with severity of hemiplegia (P=0.3 for lower extremities, P=0.9 for upper extremities). The H/M ratio was increased in ischemic lesions (P<0.01), but in intracerebral hemorrhages the soleus H/M ratio increases in non-plegic side the same as the plegic side.Conclusion: The posterior tibial nerve H/M ratios are increased in CVA bilaterally due to decreased presynaptic inhibition Ia terminals, thus amplitude of H reflexes increased without increased amplitude of M response.

It is well-known that the behavior of soil-structure systems can be well described using a limited number of no ndimensional parameters. This is the outcome of researches based on the premise that the foundation is bonded to the ground. Here, it is shown the concept can be extended to systems with foundation uplift. A set of non-dimensional parameters are introduced which controls the main features of uplifting systems. The effect of foundation uplift on response of soil-structure systems are investigated parametrically through time history analysis for a wide range of systems subjected to ground motions recorded on different soil types. In particular, the effects of uplift on displacement ratio, defined as the ratio of maximum displacement of the uplifting system to that of the elastic system without uplifting and drift ratio, defined as the ratio of maximum drift of the structure as a part of uplifting soil-structure system to that of the elastic system without uplifting, are investigated. It is observed that in general foundation uplift reduces the drift response of structures, which in turn, results in lower base shear. The reduction reaches about 35 percent for slender structures located on relatively soft soils subjected to strong ground motions. Simplified expressions are suggested to estimate this reduction in the base shear.

Background: In Genu-valgum tibiofemoral angle increases above its normal value of 6°. This disorder causes difficulty in walking and sport activities in short-.term. But in long-term, because of increased force on lateral compartment of the knee, osteoarthritic changes of the lateral side of the knee and ligamentous laxity of medial side of knee could happen. In the past, osteotomies have been done on lateral side of distal femur for correction of Genuvalgum. We are suggesting a medial approach, posterior to vastus medialis with close-wedge osteotomy from medial side as an alternative approach for correction of genovalgum. Method: A Clinical trial study of 20 lower limbs operated between 1988 to 2002. Results: 20 lower limbs were operated with this technique. The mean age was 23.2, 14 patients were female and 2 male. 10 limbs were left and the other 10 were right side. Mean valgus angle was 14.75° preoperatively and 3° postoperatively the mean follow-up period was 628 days (Minimum 50 and maximum 1111 days). At follow-up, the range of knee motion in all limbs was normal. There was no infection postoperatively, quadriceps force was 5/5 in 18 and 4/5 in two limbs. Functional improvement was observed in 15 cases and all 16 patients had full satisfaction from the appearance of the limbs.

Displacement is one of the characteristics of language and common phenomena in the Arabic language. Not only is this phenomenon limited to Arabic poetry and prose, but it is also broadened, so we can see examples of this in the Qur'an. Because of this phenomenon extensively in Arabic literature and also because of its essence that leads to the transmission of the elements for the first visibility to the other visibility in the sentence and sometimes had to change the grammatical role of the words, its identify helps us in a better understanding of text and the correct translation of it and protects the reader from mistakes. This paper in the descriptive analytical approach tries studying of the phenomenon of the displacement in the Arabic language and bringing its instances in Arabic poetry and prose as well as verses contained in the Holy Quran, to show that through the types and characteristics in the Arabic language and to response to several questions, including: how important is the displacement and what is its types in rhetoric, and the reasons of the displacement, and etc...? Of the most important results of this study may refer to the undeniable role of the displacement as a rhetorical method to better understanding of the texts including: one of the most important reasons of the displacement in the use of language is to improve speech verbally and morally, and violation of the standard language and create a poetic atmosphere, and the recognition of the occurrence of the phenomenon of displacement in the Arabic language that uphold different interpretations remote and estimates when faced with the displacement in the text and help us to understand it.